John Henry Newman | |||||||||||||||||
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Cardinal-Deacon of San Giorgio in Velabro | |||||||||||||||||
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Church | Catholic Church | ||||||||||||||||
Appointed | 12 May 1879 | ||||||||||||||||
Term ended | 11 August 1890 | ||||||||||||||||
Predecessor | Tommaso Martinelli | ||||||||||||||||
Successor | Francis Aidan Gasquet | ||||||||||||||||
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Created cardinal | 12 May 1879 by Pope Leo XIII | ||||||||||||||||
Rank | Cardinal deacon | ||||||||||||||||
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Born | John Henry Newman 21 February 1801 London, England | ||||||||||||||||
Died | 11 August 1890 Edgbaston, Birmingham, England | (aged 89)||||||||||||||||
Buried | Oratory Retreat Cemetery Rednal, Metropolitan Borough of Birmingham, West Midlands, England | ||||||||||||||||
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Education | Trinity College, Oxford | ||||||||||||||||
Motto | Cor ad cor loquitur ('Heart speaks unto heart') | ||||||||||||||||
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Beatified | 19 September 2010 Cofton Park, Birmingham, England by Pope Benedict XVI | ||||||||||||||||
Canonized | 13 October 2019 Saint Peter's Square,[1] Vatican City by Pope Francis | ||||||||||||||||
Attributes | Cardinal's attire, Oratorian habit | ||||||||||||||||
Patronage | Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham; poets | ||||||||||||||||
Shrines | Birmingham Oratory | ||||||||||||||||
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Era | 19th-century philosophy | ||||||||||||||||
Region | Western philosophy | ||||||||||||||||
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John Henry Newman CO (21 February 1801 – 11 August 1890) was an English theologian, academic, philosopher, historian, writer, and poet, first as an Anglican priest and later as a Catholic priest and cardinal, who was an important and controversial figure in the religious history of England in the 19th century. He was known nationally by the mid-1830s,[11] and was canonised as a saint in the Catholic Church in 2019.
Originally an evangelical academic at the University of Oxford and priest in the Church of England, Newman was drawn to the high-church tradition of Anglicanism. He became one of the more notable leaders of the Oxford Movement, an influential and controversial grouping of Anglicans who wished to restore to the Church of England many Catholic beliefs and liturgical rituals from before the English Reformation. In this, the movement had some success. After publishing his controversial Tract 90 in 1841, Newman later wrote: "I was on my death-bed, as regards my membership with the Anglican Church."[12] In 1845, Newman resigned his teaching post at Oxford University, and, joined by some but not all of his followers, officially left the Church of England and was received into the Catholic Church. He was quickly ordained as a priest and continued as an influential religious leader, based in Birmingham. In 1879, he was created a cardinal by Pope Leo XIII in recognition of his services to the cause of the Catholic Church in England. He was instrumental in the founding of the Catholic University of Ireland in 1854, which later became University College Dublin.[13]
Newman was also a literary figure: his major writings include the Tracts for the Times (1833–1841), his autobiography Apologia Pro Vita Sua (1864), the Grammar of Assent (1870), and the poem The Dream of Gerontius (1865),[14] which was set to music in 1900 by Edward Elgar. He wrote the popular hymns "Lead, Kindly Light", "Firmly I believe, and truly", and "Praise to the Holiest in the Height" (the latter two taken from Gerontius).
Newman's beatification was proclaimed by Pope Benedict XVI on 19 September 2010 during his visit to the United Kingdom.[15] His canonisation was officially approved by Pope Francis on 12 February 2019,[16] and took place on 13 October 2019.[17] He is the fifth saint of the City of London, after Thomas Becket (born in Cheapside), Thomas More (born on Milk Street), Edmund Campion (son of a London bookseller) and Polydore Plasden (of Fleet Street).[18][19]
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